Venture Creation, Gender Relations and the Reification of Women Traders into Womenprenuers
Keywords:
Gender and development, gender relations, venture creation, womenpreneurship, women traders
Abstract
Women, irrespective of race, colour, size, status and achievement face varied forms of vicissitudes of life and a concomitant of debasement, discrimination, feminisation of employment and entrepreneurship. These deleterious and punctured relations enunciated the study with KII, FGD and questionnaire to generate data from respondents in two most popular Akwa Ibom markets. The descriptive analysis annexed gender and development as theoretical anchorage for elucidation. Results indicate that the subjugated consciousness and inaccessibility to critical infrastructure, unquantified, unpaid, unappreciated labour and tamed spirit of venture creation have unceasingly massaged the ego, nature and existence of women in a male chauvinistic society. Findings also, provoke the imperatives to reformulate Nigeria’s economic development policies towards one, which is womenpreneurship driven. It purports that such a model must target at women traders as one of the principal formal institutions, with potency to marshal venture creation processes. Intersectionality of gender, value chain connectivity, masculinity inclusiveness, streamlining governmental and donors’ strategies, and initialising womencentric educational system would enthuse the expedition for venture creation and robust gender relations.
References
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55. Young, K. (1993). Planning development with women. St. Martin’s Press.
2. ADB (2003). Globalization and African development. Africa Development Report. Oxford University Press.
3. Anker, R. (1998). Gender and jobs. Sex segregation of occupations in the World. ILO.
4. Armah, B. (1994). Impact of trade on service sector employment: Implications for women and minorities. In C. Grown, D. Elson and N. Çagatay (2000). World Development 28, 1145-56.
5. Artz, B. (2016). Gender and entrepreneurial success: Evidence from survey data. Applied Economic Letters, 24(3), 163-166.
6. Awak, E. U. (2018, June 26-28). Entrepreneurship education, venture creation and the quest for sustainable development. Presented at the 2nd National Conference of Women In Academics (WIA) on the theme Transforming Economic Fortunes through Qualitative Education.
7. Awak, E. U. (2015). Women traders, gender relations and development. In: Ukommi, A. S., Okon, D. E. & Udensi, L. O. (Eds.) Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Strategic and Innovative Options. Lambert Academic Publishing.
8. Awak, E. U. (2013). Changing role of the family, child development and terrorism in Nigeria. Reiko International Journal of Social and Economic Research, 3(6).
9. Boserup, E. (1970). Women’s role in economic development. Allen and Unwin.
10. Boserup, E. (1965). The conditions of agricultural growth. Allen and Unwin.
11. Bryant, C., & White, L. (1982). Introduction in managing development in the Third World. Westview Press.
12. Bruce, J. (1989). Homes divided. World Development 17(7).
13. Cabrera, E. M., & Mauricio, D. (2017). Factors affecting the success of women’s entrepreneurship: A review of literature. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 9(1), 31-65.
14. Campaña, J. C., Giménez-Nadal, J. I., & Molina, J. A. (2017). Differences between self-employed and employed mothers in balancing family and work responsibilities: Evidence from Latin American countries. MPRA Paper 77964.
15. Cacciotti, G., & Hayton, J. C. (2015). Fear and entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(2), 165-190.
16. Chow, E. N., Segal, M. T., & Lin, T. (2011). Analyzing Gender, intersectionality, and multiple inequalities: Global, transnational and local contexts. Advances in Gender Research, Volume 15. Emerald Group Publishing.
17. Cliff, J. E. (1998). Does one size fit all? Exploring the relationship between attitudes towards growth, gender and business size. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6), 523-542.
18. Cornwall, A., Erdström, J., & Greig, A. (2011). Men and development: Politicising masculinities. Zed Books.
19. Escobar, A. (1992). Imagining a post-development era? Critical thought, development and social movements. Social Text, 31(32), 20-56.
20. Esplen, E. (2009). Gender and care: Overview report. Bridge Cutting Edge Pack, Institute of Development Studies.
21. Essenberg, B. (1996). Options for stimulating global employment growth. In J. U. Umo (Ed.), Towards Full Employment Strategy in Nigeria, National Manpower Board, Lagos.
22. Etienne, M., & Leacock, E. (Eds.). (1980). Women and colonization. Praeger.
23. Foster-Carter, A. (1986). The sociology of development. Causeway Press.
24. Giménez-Nadal, J. I., Molina, J. A., & Ortega, R. (2012). Self-employed mothers and the work family conflict. Applied Economics, 44(17), 2133-2147.
25. Hartmann, H. (1981). The unhappy marriage of Marxism and feminism: Towards a more progressive union. In L. Sargent (Ed.), Women and Revolution. South End Press, 1-4.
26. Hartsock, N. (1985). Money, sex and power. Northeastern University Press.
27. International Labour Organisation (2004). Global employment trends for women. Author.
28. Jacobs, G., & Cleveland, H. (1999). Social development theory. Free Press.
29. Jaquette, J. (1990). Women and modernization theory: A decade of feminist criticism. World Politics 34, 267-284.
30. Joekes, S. (1995). Trade-related employment for women in industry and services in developing countries (UNRIS). Occasional paper No. 5, UNRISD.
31. Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought. Verso.
32. Kucera, D., & Milberg, W. (2000). Gender segregation and gender bias in manufacturing trade expansion: Revisiting the “wood asymmetry”. World Development, 28.
33. Mehra, R., & Gammage, S. (1999). Trends, countertrends, and gaps in women’s employment. World Development, 27.
34. Minniti, M., & Nardone, C. (2007). Being in someone else’s shoes: the role of gender in nascent entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 223-238.
35. Minniti, M., & Naudé, W. (2010). What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries? European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), 277-293.
36. Moser, C. (1993). Gender planning and development. Routledge.
37. Naudé, W. (2008). Entrepreneurship in Economic Development. UNU-WIDER Research Paper 2008/20.
38. Onuoha, B. C. (1998) Small business management/entrepreneurship. Afritower.
39. Oostendorp, R. (2004). Globalization and the gender wage gap. Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 3256. World Bank.
40. Peet, R., & Hartwick, E. (2009). Theories of development: Contentions, arguments, alternatives (Second Edition). The Guilford Press.
41. Rathgeber, E. M. (1990). WID, WAD, GAD: Trends in research and practice. The Journal of Developing Areas 24, 489-502.
42. Robb, A. M., & Watson, J. (2012). Gender differences in firm performance: Evidence from New Ventures in the United States. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(5), 544-558.
43. Robinson, S., & Stubberud, H. A. (2009). Sources of advice in entrepreneurship: gender differences in business owners' social networks. International Journal of Entrepreneurship 13, 83-101.
44. Rodrik, D. (2001). The global governance of trade as if development really mattered. Background paper for the Trade and Sustainable Human Development Project. UNDP.
45. Schumpeter, J. A. (1994). The theory of economic development. Oxford University Press.
46. Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28.
47. Seligmann, L. J. (Ed.). (2003). Women traders in cross-cultural perspective: Mediating identities, marketing wares. Stanford University Press.
48. Sen, A. K. (2000). Development as freedom. Anchor.
49. Sen, G., & Grown, C. (1987). Development crises and alternative visions. Monthly Review Press.
50. Snyder, M. (1995). Transforming development: Women, poverty and politics. Intermediate Technology Publications.
51. Stephan, U., Hart, M., & Drews, C. C. (2015). Understanding motivations for entrepreneurship: A review of recent research evidence. Rapid Evidence Assessment paper.
52. Strecten, P. (1981). Development perspectives. Macmillan.
53. UN (1999). World Survey on the role of women in development. Division for the Advancement of Women, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.
54. Wade, R. H. (2004). Is globalization reducing poverty and inequality? World Development 32(4).
55. Young, K. (1993). Planning development with women. St. Martin’s Press.
Published
2022-06-25
How to Cite
Awak, E. U. (2022). Venture Creation, Gender Relations and the Reification of Women Traders into Womenprenuers. Central Asian Journal of Innovations on Tourism Management and Finance, 3(6), 89-102. Retrieved from https://cajitmf.centralasianstudies.org/index.php/CAJITMF/article/view/259
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